Children and Happiness Essay

What makes children happy? ‘That’s easy,’ you might say, ‘a new toy, an ice cream or a trip to the amusement park.’ While these things bring an immediate smile to many children’s faces, they are probably not the things that will keep them happy day by day, or turn them into happy adults. The basic ingredients that make children happy during childhood seem to be the same ones that help them to become happy adults: a secure relationship with parents gives the base to confidently explore the world and develop a sense of mastery and recognition, all important components in the recipe for happiness. However, in the short term, the new toy might provide a smile too! Man has to pass through many stages of life, since he is born until he dies. He passes through infancy, childhood, boyhood, youth, middle age and old age. Childhood continues from the 6th to the 12th year of age. Boyhood continues from the 12th to the 19th year of age. Youth lasts from the 20th to 35th year of age. Middle age lasts from the 36th to the 55th year of age. Old age continues from 56th year until death. Of all the stages of life childhood is the most important. Because it is the formative period of life. It is also the first conscious stage of life. Important of childhood: Childhood is the formative period of life. Human character takes its shape in childhood. Man gets deep and lasting impressions in his childhood. Because at this stage men’s mind is soft, receptive and plastic. It is just like the potter’s clay. So human character should be properly shaped in childhood. What should be done in childhood: Childhood is one of the growing stage in man’s life. The human beings grow up to 24th year of age. So, the health of the child should be properly looked after. He should be given balance diet. He should be encouraged to from healthy habits like early rising. He should be taught to be neat and clean, to do exercise regularly, to eat, sleep, read and play at habits. He should be kept happy and cheerful. All these will help him to grow healthy in body and mind. Proper and appropriate food should be provided to the child’s mind. He should be given the most carefully chosen books to read. he should be given children’s magazines. He should be given interesting and instructive pictures. At this stage, records should be kept of the child’s inclination, aptitude, knack, mood, temperament, interest, abilities and his latent qualities. On the basis of these records, the future of the child should be planned. The child should be trained on the basis of this plan. Care of parents and teachers: In the modern system of society and education in India, nobody takes the responsibility of the child’s welfare. The parents think that it is a responsibility of the teachers, because the child stays in the school for six hours a day. The teachers think that it is the responsibility of the parents, because the children belong to their parents, and in future the children will come to any use only to their parents and families. But in the interest of society, nation, country and above all mankind all have responsibility for the welfare of the children. Conclusion: It is the foremost duty of the Government to see to the welfare of the children. But in India we find that a lot of children in schools are dying by food-poisoning in the Government Mid-day meal system. The school buildings are defectively constructed. So the buildings breakdown and many children die underneath. the milk-powder that comes to Panchayats and Block offices is said to be put to black-marketing. Government should look to all these affairs. Childhood is the most important period in a men’s life. So, the Government should take utmost care of it.

My relationship with God

As a start for developing a closer relationship with God, I decided that I wanted to try daily devotionals and Bible reading. I considered finding a devotional guide, but instead decided to begin by simply reading the Bible for myself. I thought about finding a daily devotional guide, but chose instead to start my devotional readings by simply reading the New Testament and letting God speak to me as He determined not as some other person might have been inspired.My decision was partially based on a need for this to be a personal journey and a knowledge that many people who attempt to read the Bible begin at the beginning and get discouraged when they reach the histories of the Books of Law. And, as a Christian, I believe the importance of the New Testament speaks for itself. This was a particularly difficult task for me. Choosing a time to read regularly and coupling it with prayer for understanding and meditation to determine the meaning of the scriptures was very difficult.I discov ered that the first thing in the morning was not a good time for me to try to read my Bible. Too often, I was overly tempted to hit the snooze button and often did not find my concentration level where it should be to really understand the scriptures, even though most of it was familiar territory. I then tried to do my devotional reading at the end of the day and found that too was a bad idea. Some days exhaustion seemed to bull me away from my studies in an untimely manner and I decided that too was a bad time. Instead I chose to set aside an hour every morning just before lunch.This seemed to be the best time for me to be able to devote my attention to the Bible and not be distracted. I set an alarm to let me know when I could be done and then tuned out all distractions. In the three weeks, I managed to read through all of the gospel of Matthew and get started in Mark without feeling like it was a chore. As the time wore on, I found myself looking forward to my daily devotional mo re than I had in the beginning and found it was easier to maintain once I found the appropriate time. Intercessory prayer as a devotional tool also appealed to me.Like many churches, the church I grew up in had a prayer chain devoted to praying for those in need. Remembering the peace and joy that came from praying for another person without any goal or personal motivation lead me to choose intercessory prayer Practicing this devotional method reminded me of the need to be more worried about others than I am about myself. I thought this was going to be my favorite devotional form, but I found that it wasn’t. Too often it felt like I was pushing my will onto God instead of allowing His will to work through me.The other two devotional forms I chose were praise singing and random good deeds. These are the two forms of devotion which I believe had the biggest impacts on my life. I chose to do my devotional singing while in the car. I turned off the radio and began singing hymns i n the car and immediately noticed a change in my attitude. I was no longer as willing to spout off angrily at other drivers, no longer feeling the need to drive unreasonably fast and no longer impatient in traffic. Changing my heart through song made my daily commutes easier and relieved tension in my life.I found myself with an sincerely improved attitude and a greater desire to praise God for the miraculous things he was working in my life and int eh world around me. The author says that the practice of doing good deeds simply for the sake of doing them is a good thing because it reinforces the image that we want non-believers to have of Christians. I found that the biggest impact it had on me was that this is a manner I believe Christians should act in. By committing daily random acts of kindness I felt better about myself.I felt that I was behaving more the way that Christ would want me to behave. My random acts of kindness included letting others go first in the grocery line an d putting coins in parking meters. Finally, last week, I also purchased a small quantity of stuffed animals and placed them randomly on the windshields of cars at the doctor’s office. I believe that the act may have helped just one other person to get through a rough day and that is what God has called each of us to do. These actions are things that I will continue.I believe that the daily Bible readings will be the most difficult to consistently maintain, but I also believe it may be the most important for my continued spiritual growth. The praise singing and random good deeds are easy to maintain because they have an immediate uplifting effect. The Bible reading requires the biggest commitment, but a better understanding of God’s purpose for me should be found in His word. I believe that the intercessory prayer is also going to continue to be a part of my life, though I am interested in determining how I can best pray without feeling like I am placing demand on my Lo rd.

Hum105 Week 1 Questiona Essay

1.The word myth, as used popularly is an accepted popular misconception accepted by many as truth. The academic definition as given in our texbook is, â€Å"Ancient narratives that attempt to answer the enduring and fundamental human questions: How did the universe and the world come to be? How did we come to be here? Who are we? What are our proper, necessary, or inescapable roles as we relate to one another and to the world at large? What should our values be? How should we behave? How should we not behave? What are the consequences of behaving and not behaving in such ways?† (Leonard & McClure, 2004, p. 1). In other words, in this sense, myths are the storys that give reason to the questions we have about our social beliefs and moral values. 2.Myths seem to cross cultural barriers in their similarities due to a similar set of questions that we have no scientific answer for. Though religion and mythology give reasons as to why we act the way we do, where we began and what is right and what is wrong in our behavior, we do not have solid proof as to the reasons that these rules for living come from. From the beginning of time for any society, there has been the need to establish a set of rules for establishing acceptible ways of living, and without giving a historical reason based in peoples’ own history, there is no real way of not having the argument that a people can make up their own set of values based on their own current, individual wants. 3.There is a strong tie between belief, knowledge, myth and religion. Belief can be described as knowledge based on faith, rather than factual data. Myth is story that gives reason as to why we live the way that we do and why we accept the set of values that we live by. Religion is belief in a reasoning as to how and what we believe as fact, and the the history of how we came to be as a true happening. Religion is also what gives rules and consequenses for the ethics and moral rules in which societies use for their way of living. 4.I believe that mythology has a place in contemporary culture as it has been a tremendous part of our history and explains many actions and reactions that our ancestors used in their decision making. From various ceremonies such as weddings and funerals, to old sayings, songs and stories, myth has been an important way in which tradition has been carried down through the generations and across borders into mixed societies. In both teaching their own young, and explaining to and entertaing members of other groups, mythology is a way of telling the story of the history of a culture in a way that is easy for most to understand. Leonard, S., & McClure, M. (2004). Myth and knowing. An introduction to world mythology . : McGraw-Hill Company.

American History Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American History - Article Example His influence in the American society, therefore, lies in his activism against Communism and his effort to protect the State against disloyalty, security risks, and Communist infiltrations (â€Å"Senator Joseph McCarthy,† n.d.). During the term of Senator McCarthy, he tried to put into trial those who are Communists and their supporters. The goal of his administration is to prevent the Communists from infiltrating the State and risk military and civilian security, as well as the government’s information and technical system (â€Å"Senator Joe McCarthy,† n.d.). In addition, his committee gathered information on, mostly, government officials, which was later proven to be faulty and had no substantial evidence. As a result, Senator McCarthy faced issues related to civil liberties as he, seemingly, deprived the people of their freedom of belief and expression. However, in the brighter side, his aims are for the good of the government as those develop loyalty and security, as well as ensure that the Democratic stand of the nation is still solid. Therefore, his life and works had made him a prominent figure in American

Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Popular Culture - Essay Example The novel Twilight, with its central romance between a vampire and an ordinary teenage girl, also brings these emotions and feelings to the fore, as the lovers feel desperation, torture, the burn of forbidden love, as well as the pain of immortality and the loss of reason. Through it all, the vampires in vampire lore, and Edward in Twilight reflect societal consciousness, while assisting society in accepting that sometimes that which might seem evil is not really. Discussion The French Revolution was a period of despair, tortured beings, and forbidden loves. The desperation was felt by the peasants on the eve of the French Revolution, in 1789, as the peasants in the French countryside was increasingly subjected to undue taxation and social polarisation became a rising problem. At some point, the French peasants were faced with the choices of moving off their land or rebelling, due to a tax system that had lost all semblance of rhyme and reason.1 Meanwhile, they suffered a harvest def icit, and some farmers saw their livelihood wiped out during the harsh winters. The food deficit, the long winter, the social polarisation and increased taxation of the peasants led to an increase in vagrancy and vagabondage, as â€Å"desperate hordes besieged monastic storehouses.†2 Moreover, this sense of desperation was not limited to the peasants, as the laborers and managers also felt the financial pinch, â€Å"having to juggle their resources in order to make ends meet.†3 Meanwhile, the tortured beings were represented most effectively in the French Revolution by the prisoners in the Bastille, the storming of which was one of the cataclysms for the Revolution. Of these is the infamous â€Å"man in the iron mask,† who lived in the Bastille from 1698 to 1703. Also, there was the case of Denyse Regne, who â€Å"was spared nothing, from endless interrogations and torments of hunger to injuries inflicted by doctors to torturous treatment at the hands of a nun lodged with her and her enchainment in an underground dungeon.†4 The cells of the Bastille were places where toad, newts and rats and spiders resided with the unfortunate prisoner, and the prisoner lay on straw for their bed in six by eight foot cages.5 During the French Revolution, as during all times, there was also forbidden love. Such as example is Honore Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, who was a moderate French Revolutionary. He won the heart of a lady who was the consort of a colonel, which caused him to be imprisoned. Released from prison, he went to Corsica, where he engaged in yet another scandalous love affair.6 While this was one individual who engaged in forbidden love affairs during the time of the French Revolution, there undoubtedly were many more. Therefore, the French Revolution was a time of desperation, torture and forbidden love. The vampire is emblematic of all of these feelings, as well as being a symbol of destructive power and abstract horror, that invades our imaginations and sensibilities. As a symbol of desperation, however, the vampire perhaps has more in common with the desperate French nobility during the time of the French Revolution, such as the Princesse de Monaco, a noblewoman of the house of Choiseul-Stainville who died at the guillotine in 1794.7 This is because the vampire is often the

Image-based Advertisement Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Image-based Advertisement Analysis - Essay Example   The Ethos of the advert is questionable, considering the fact that; while the advert is targeting to reach the African clients of the Air France travel company, the author of the advert did not have the courtesy of using an African model. Instead, the advert has used a white model to reach the target customers who are Africans, an indication that Air France does not really perceive the African clients it targets, as owning the airline image. The ethos of the image-based advertisement would have been courteous and appropriate if a black woman model was used as the image in this advert, since it could indicate that Air France really values the African clients, to the extent of allowing them to own the company’s image. On the contrary, the advert has applied the image of a white model, and ‘Africanized’ her through wrapping her head with the characteristic African headscarf mostly worn by African women of class. This creates an ethos contrast surrounding whether the author of the advert really understood the African people, culture and values. Would it not have been more appropriate to portray the image of an African woman-model against a white background? This also raises the question; did the author of the advertisement really have the cultural authority to speak to an African audience? On the other hand, the pathos of the image-based advert is effective in appealing to the emotions of the African air-travel clientele as the target audience of this advertisement.

Water supply Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water supply - Personal Statement Example Although most people take it for granted, the availability of an abundant water supply has become an increasingly important and contentious issue.This essay will argue that water resources should and will become an increasingly important global issue Drinking water was temporarily privatized in Bolivia, access to water resources affect demands in the Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations, and issues of water sustainability have begun to find themselves inserted into broader discussions dealing with human rights and national security.This essay will argue that water resources should and will become an increasingly important global issue; more particularly, water issues will assume global significance because life on Earth is water-dependent, because human population growth and industrial growth are leading to water scarcity, and because increasing competition for water cannot ethically be resolved by market forces alone.As an initial matter, all life on Earth is dependent on water. T here is no more fundamental resource or need. In addition to providing basic physiological sustenance, water is also used as a raw material for agricultural production and for many industrial processes. Both population changes and migration rates have been shown to correlate with historical changes in access to water and water availability. Water is, in short, an issue of life and death. Significantly, migration patterns have flattened in recent times and there is less opportunity for groups or for larger communities to simply move to an area with better water resources. Sri Lanka, to be sure, cannot simply migrate in total to Thailand in times of water crisis. There are immigration constraints and old methods of migration are no longer an answer to water shortages. Whole countries can become trapped inside of their geographical borders and forced to find alternative solutions. Particularly worrisome is that there are no real substitutes for water. This is true both in the context of human population growth and in terms of agriculture and industrial use. The increasing demand for this increasingly scarce resource forces competition. How this competition manifests itself, either peacefully or violently, ought to be of concern to all nations. We see that old border disputes between Israel and Lebanon are now burdened with additional conflicts regarding access to water. China builds the world's largest dam, and downstream countries, such as Thailand and Laos, protest that their rivers are drying up in critical agricultural seasons. We have seen how aggressively that countries will fight for oil; simply imagine how aggressive countries might become in a conflict over water. The potential for serious conflict is real. In the final analysis, there are ways to address these water scarcity issues. First, there needs to be a global consensus that issues of water scarcity are of fundamental importance. These issues should be declared a priority because water for human consumption ought to be an enforced human right, because the use of water for agriculture and industrial processes is a commercial necessity, and because the potential for conflict is great. An old saying suggests that "blood is thicker than water"; in this context, however, I would suggest rather confidently that water is more necessary than oil. As a result, scarcity issues ought to be addressed and resolved at a global level. In ten years, I am of the firm opinion that my chosen field of study will be far more interdisciplinary. By this, I mean to suggest that traditional engineering programs will be far more diverse and require far more critical thinking; the ability to synthesize and apply theories from traditionally separate fields, such as mechanical engineering and medicine, will be encouraged and required. This essay will present the emerging field of biomedical engineering as an example of the future of engineering programs. To begin, it must be acknowledged that many advances in medical science

Communication in the Internet Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Communication in the Internet Age - Essay Example In Third World countries, Internet is often a status symbol, perhaps because not everyone can afford owning an Internet. Communication via Internet can be categorized as healthy or unhealthy communication depending on the purpose of communication process. Accessibility to any point of destination is always possible in the Internet. Also a speedy communication process is viable through electronic mails and chatting. There is no restraint as to the accessibility of an Internet user. Electronic mails can however be sometimes restrained by the user as it is his prerogative to choose any of the variants available and any of the diversified people shall he be sending a private message. It is through electronic emails where productive written communication can be possibly achieved. Similar to electronic mail is blogging. Blogging is more prevalent than that of a chatting. Through blogging, communication can be enhancing when different mind interactions are striking through inside the blog r oom, similar with discussion in face-to-face communication. Through blogs, every statement is articulately adorned to show off the emotion and reaction of different bloggers. It is also nurturing their skill in writing. Actually, blogging is another way of improving write-ups and writing methods wherein another writer can give you pieces of advise to reshape your sentence, your every word and especially the grammars being used. Learning can also be visible in this point through healthy discussions. The cultural diversity of every blogger can attribute to the expanse of knowledge one have.

Performance Reviews (Human Resource Management) Essay

Performance Reviews (Human Resource Management) - Essay Example She at one point disputed some of my achievements on the basis that she did not believe I was capable of that since my background was miserable. However, much I tried to display my competence during the review, the supervisor was not impressed. I realized that her motive was to instil the anger in me and evoke a negative response so as she could get a chance to get me down. I tried to play calm all through the review, answering only the questions that were not personal. However, I was utterly discouraged when she indicated on my report that I was uncooperative in the review. Although I forwarded my grievances to the superiors in the organization and was given a consideration, I still feel offended by the actions of the supervisor and it is my feeling that such people should not be allowed to conduct reviews. Moreover, even with shortages of staff performance reviews should not be based on a single person review as this increases the risk of

Exemplification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exemplification - Essay Example My employer was exceptionally helpful in providing the conducive working environment; reasonable targets, deadlines and achievable goals. For instance, I was provided with the resources and given the chance to get on the job training. In my first day of employment, during the company meeting I was introduced as the new IT department rookie’. In my second week, I had just delivered the weekly System Maintenance report to the Managing Director when he requested me to see him. I worried about my performance and thought I was going to be fired. What followed left me dumbstruck. The manager told me that my potential could not be fully utilized within his firm. He shared with me the idea of building an independent venture. Listening to his advice, given that he could have retained me as an employee for as long as he wished was unbelievable. He stated his intention to work with me for a maximum of one year, during which I would learn the ropes and be business oriented. Well, in my own capacity I felt comfortable in having a job that is secure and was not willing to venture into business. Deep down I knew that I had the potential, though I was not willing to bring it out. In the months that followed, I reported directly to the manager who engaged me in all forms of learning. One of my colleagues called it ‘street learning’. I climbed the ranks through hard work, dedication and expert advice from the manager. After 1 year, my contract ended. The time to start my business had come. In my experience, I had identified several avenues to pursue. However, I had no idea which was best. I approached my employer with my options, looking for help on how to arrive at a decision. I received expert advice on starting a business venture and the preparations required. In my preparation, my mentor created the working environment and guided me on business development. In the startup, the idea I adapted was to open a high street store

Pets Are Our Responsibilty Essay Example for Free

Pets Are Our Responsibilty Essay Many people think that pets are too much of a responsibility, as they require food, walked on a regular basis, trained properly and lots of love and care. Any pet that lives outside a cage has to be trained properly so that it does not soil the home. Without training dogs can be very destructive and even dangerous. Pets are also very expensive and their food, toys, and medical treatment cost a lot of money too. Some pets are not looked after properly by their owners and sometimes the owner even loses interest. There were 40,879 humane destruction’s of dogs last year, 32,769 of cats and 18,816 of others. These figures include 29,610 dogs and cats too sick to live. People are cruel to pets and hurt them in al sorts of ways. In 1985 the RSPCA had to destroy 137,632 dogs cats and other pets, many were healthy but just too much for the RSPCA to find homes for. Inspectors from the RSPCA were called out to investigate 64,678 complaints last year. These are just some of the bad points of having a pet.Others think of pets as trusted friends as they give us comfort and affection. Pets are tame animals kept for companionship or because they are attractive to look at. Pets are good fun and can teach children responsibilities in life. Pets in the UK are very popular below are the top ten pets in England and Wales. In 1980 there was 5.6million dogs in the UK, this number increased by 1.8million in 1989. There were 2million more cats in the UK in 1989 than in 1980. The number of Budgies also increased by 0.1million in 1989. The Royal Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals more commonly known as the RSPCA looks after animals that have been treated badly. Last year the RSPCA homed 105,079 animals including dogs, cats and many other animals. If you don’t have a pet I would seriously consider buying one. Pets are very good company and almost any animal could be a pet. Unusual pets require special care and some knowledge and how they behave in the wild. Many pets need very little attention or space – there is room in the smallest home for a fish tank or a birdcage.

Transsexualism Case Essay Example for Free

Transsexualism Case Essay Introduction Transsexualism deals with the basic features for the identification of human gender. This aspect has not received much understanding. Popular media has not shown the clear image of transsexualism and stories about the possibility for the occurrence of changes in sex has been explained in a very sensational way. These stories have led people towards the misconception about transsexualism and they do not know what the term ‘transsexualism’ really means. The term ‘transsexualism’ refers to the condition of a person in which a person’s psychological sex is quite different from the physiological sex of that person. Such people think that their soul has been put in the wrong gender body (Butler, 2001). This paper provides information about transsexualism, reality and myths about transsexualism, possible causes of transsexualism, treatment of transsexualism, social, legal and economic implications of transsexualism. What Does Transsexualism Mean? It is very important to understand few terms before the detailed explanation of transsexualism. People usually consider the terms gender and sex as the same concept but in fact they are quite different from each other. The term ‘sex’ provides information about the type of genital organs of a person. Thus this term is specific with the anatomical sex of a person. The term ‘gender’ explains how a person determines himself/herself in terms of female, male or others. The two terms are considered as one by a large number of people because majority of the people think about their gender that is in accordance with their anatomical sex. Anatomical sex has been explained to a greater extent as compared to gender. Some people get confused when they are asked to explain their gender as they do not consider them as a clear male or a clear female. There are two further terms that arise from the term ‘gender’. ‘Gender identity’ shows how a person experience and percept internally about his or her gender. ‘Gender role’ determines how a person spends his or her life in society and how he or she socializes that is dependent on the gender identity of that person (Campbell, 2001). Reality of Transsexualism Transsexualism is a condition in which a person does not like his or her genital sex and feels highly uncomfortable with it. Such feelings are long lasting. Such persons want their genital sex to be opposite of their actual genital sex. They feel that they would live a better and comfortable life with the genital sex opposite to their actual one. They want this change to be on permanent basis. A large number of people consider transsexualism as a psychiatric problem but it has been found that in reality a female body may have a male brain or vice versa. A psychiatrist consultant is assigned to make sure that the person who claims to be a transsexual and wants to change his or her genital sex is indeed a real transsexual. It is also determined that whether the person wishing to change his or her genital sex is mentally stable to cope up with the new gender in the society. Transgenderists is another term that is used by people who feel that their genital sex is not according to their gender and they wish to live their life the way that is opposite to their genital sex. Such people do not go through the process of genital surgery. Myths about Transsexualism Transsexualism is often misunderstood with some conditions that have some common points among them. Transvertism: People in this condition do not wish to change their genital sex though they often get dressed as the opposite sex. Homosexuals and Bisexuals: Such people do not wish to have the sex opposite to their actual genital sex. They attract same sex people. Hermaphrodites: Hermaphroditism is a condition which is very rare. In this condition, the person does not wish to change his or her genital sex neither he nor she considers himself or herself as a person with a gender that is opposite to his or her actual genital sex. Such people have genital sex organs that are not completely developed either in males or females. There is no mismatch of their body with their mind. They just have a body that is strongly intersexed (Elliot, 2001). Possible Causes of Transsexualism Unusual combinations in chromosomes lead to transsexualism though the possibility is 1 in 400. The chromosomes of transsexuals are not standard karyotype like standard karyotype of male (XY) and standard karyotype of female (XX). This is due to some confusion in the hormones when the development of fetus was taking place. Chemicals are another cause for the occurrence of transsexualism. Transsexualism may occur when a woman takes oral contraceptives without knowing that she has already conceived. Some drugs are also responsible for transsexualism when the drugs were given to pregnant women. The most common drug in this regard is diethylstilboestrol. Hormonal disturbance due to oral contraceptives or drugs lead to the birth of transsexual babies. There are some chemical pollutants responsible for the occurrence of transsexualism. Such chemical pollutants are man-made. Some of them are dibenzodioxins and polychlorobiphenyls that are found to bring disruption in androgen and / or estrogen receptors. Transsexualism may also occur without any biochemical reason. Sometimes, transsexualism occurs due to the anemic expectant mother. Sometimes, sufficient amount of nourishment is not received by the fetus, or sometimes sufficient quantity of material hormones become the cause of transsexualism when these hormones result in the disruption of the development of fetus by crossing the placenta in a large quantity. The gender and brain sex of the fetus can not be changed once pregnancy has passed the relevant stage. The brain can never be changed even when some changes may happen in the body due to the alteration in hormones. For this reason, the transsexuals undergo surgery to change their genital sex to match their gender as the brain had been developed (Heyes, 2000). Treatment of Transsexualism Sex reassignment therapy is the only effective treatment of transsexuals. No psychological treatment has been found effective enough for transsexual people. The mental health of transsexual people determines the extent to which the sex reassignment therapy is required. Transsexuals that are suffering from severe anxiety, depression, addictions of different types and possessing suicidal behavior often get much relieved from their problems when they go through the sex reassignment therapy. Gender identity disorder is the way to diagnose transsexualism among people who are ready to be treated psychologically. Transsexual people must have to go through psychological treatment before the sex reassignment therapy. Once they get the label of gender identity disorder, the rest of the way towards the sex reassignment therapy becomes easier for them. There may be some people who have been found with gender identity disorder but they do not wish to change their genital sex. Transsexuals usually do not prefer to undergo psychological treatment as they consider their desire of the sex reassignment therapy as their physical need (Hird, 2000). Social, Legal and Economic Implications of Transsexualism Transsexual people usually face harassment and assault when people around them come to know about their history. Transsexuals prefer to quit their previous job and leave their social circles after the sex reassignment therapy and they start living their life from the scratch. By doing so, they think that no body would ever come to know about their past. Sometimes, the family members and very close friends leave transsexuals after the sex reassignment therapy. The problems of transsexuals become worse when they have to face the legal issues. Such problems vary from country to country. In Britain, transsexuals are not allowed to make any amendment or change in their birth certificate. Where as, in the United States, some state jurisdiction allow transsexuals to make necessary amendments and changes in their birth certificates. They can even replace their original birth certificates with new ones. Other state jurisdictions help transsexuals by sealing their previous records so that their privacy can be maintained. Transsexual people had to face economic crisis after the sex reassignment therapy. They had to quit their previous job as the employers were not at all cooperative with transsexual employees. Now, the situation of economic issues for transsexuals varies from country to country. In the United States, anti-discrimination laws have been passed in California for protecting transsexual employees. The employers are forced to treat their transsexual employees equally. They cannot be terminated (Butler, 2001). Conclusion Transsexualism is a medical reality and it should not be treated psychologically. Transsexuals should be allowed to decide whether they want to go through psychiatric treatment. They should be treated as normal humans socially, legally and economically. References Butler, Judith. (2001). Doing Justice to Someone: Sex Reassignment and Allegories of Transsexuality. GLQ 7, no. 4: 621-36. Campbell, Carolyn. (2001). Transversing across the Genders. Transgender Tapestry 94: 63-68. Elliot, Patricia. (2001). A Psychoanalytic Reading of Transsexual Embodiment. Studies in Gender and Sexuality 2, no. 4: 295-325. Heyes, Cressida. (2000). Reading Transgender, Rethinking Womens Studies. NWSA Journal 12, no. 2: 170-80. Hird, Myra. (2000). Genders Nature: Intersexuality, Transsexualism and the Sex/Gender Binary. Feminist Theory: An International Interdisciplinary journal 1, no. 3.

Business Plan And Marketing For Aroma Boutique Marketing Essay

Business Plan And Marketing For Aroma Boutique Marketing Essay The Aroma Boutiques mission will be contributing holistic therapy treatment to health care professionals in and around the Paphos area in Cyprus. The therapeutic company will originally provide are Aromatherapy and Reflexology treatments. The Aroma Boutique will present a professional image and manner when carrying out a Complementary and Alternative treatments. Everything we do is interconnected to all the parts of our lives. The Aroma Boutique responsibility is that when treating a patient or client, we are entering a relationship with her and we want to make and keep this a positive one. (V. Pitman and K. Mackenzie, 2002). This small business includes a health care professional who provides healing process to restore health using reflexology technique and essential oils. Our higher goals are health and safety. We support the patient to be more open to their possibility of change and give them staying power and courage to see the healing process through to its conclusion. The name of the company is Aroma Boutique which has been checked and no other business is present with the same name in Cyprus. The Aroma Boutique will be awaited to generate _________ per annum of business income. The specific treatments will be priced at an average of  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­____ for an hour and a half with consultation form and aftercare advice. The business income is based on 10-20 clients a week, operating for 44 weeks of a year. The amount of money will achieve to make a profitable and independent company. The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole-trader from a privately residence hotel. Business Opportunity Theodora Polydorou will open the small company with the name Aroma Boutique in Paphos, Cyprus. Theodora will begin trading in September 2013 and will propound service which supply Complementary and Alternative treatment such as Aromatherapy and Reflexology. This new and small business started by a currently qualified graduate with a BSc Complementary Therapy (Aromatherapy and Reflexology). This business will trade from a privately residence hotel with specific treatment room. Moreover, some health professionals commented that their jobs are very stressful. Many professionals experiences burn-out at some point, and some health professionals find it unbearable, prompting them to leave clinical medicine for a non-clinical career, or perhaps even leave the healthcare industry altogether (www.healthcareersabout.com ). Considerable research has been devoted to job stress among different groups of health professionals. Mean stress scores on the HPSI were significantly different for all three professions, with nurses reporting the greatest level of stress. Frequency of exposure to individual stressful job situations also differed significantly among the professional groups (Behavioral Medicine, 1988). However, many health professionals have provided numerous ideas for relieving stress and preventing burn-out. All registered practitioners must be assured of the relevance and accountability of the therapy which they are using. On the subject of Accountability the UKCC Guidelines for Professional Practice in 1996 (p.8) state: Accountability is an integral part of professional practice, as in the course of practice. The service supply by Aroma Boutique will advantage clients by relief stress level and improve the condition of the mind giving some effect to the behavior of a person. Therapists must be devoted to the Code of Conduct of their Professional Organization. Therapists should not give a medical diagnosis or promoting the sale of goods. Consequently, the personal information and details of clients will have to kept safety. All communication between the patient and the therapist is confidential. Issues of safety and risk for the therapist when working alone are of increasing importance (A. Left and H. Marquardt, 2000). A number of areas of potential vulnerability should be addressed before beginning practice, in order to minimize it not eliminate such as risks. Customers will be interested in Aroma Boutique because it promotes health and safety treatments. The treatments encourage relaxation and this must be seen as a major benefit on the road to good health and maintenance (Renee Tanne, 2003). Aroma Boutique will have Aromatherapy treatments using essential oils and Reflexology treatments. General Product Safety Regulations and register to regulating body of the IFPA (International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists) and IFR (International Federation of Reflexology) will be included. There is a new legislation around Health and Safety. This new legislation includes recent amendments to accident investigation techniques, fire and hazardous substance legislation. According to the Reflexology Association of Canada defines that reflexology is a natural healing art based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet, hands and ears and their referral areas within zone related areas, which correspond to every part, gland and organ of the body. It encourages the digestive system, increase the circulation, reduce stress and promote good health and well-being. The vision for the future of this small business is that it will be efficacious and favorable within one year. Therefore, the clients will be delight with their treatments. The services of Aroma Boutique will offer full Aromatherapy massage with essential oils and full Reflexology treatments with natural creams. The benefit of the company is that relieving stress, depression and generally it enhance psychological and physical well-being. Customers will be happed in the Aroma Boutique as it provides enjoyable with special knowledge of health care professional. The health benefit of Aromatherapy is that provide healing of both the mind and the body. Most are used in blends with others essential oils to create a specific result, such as soothing, anxiety, stress, easing nausea or relieving headaches. For instance, Lavender essential oil benefits are relieve pain, remove nervous tension, enhance blood circulation and treat respiratory problems. 1.3 Management team and personnel The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole-trader from a privately residence hotel. Aroma Boutique includes Aromatherapy and Reflexology treatments and it promotes natural creams, lotion, essential oils and candles. In the geographical area of company there are already services that promote Complementary Therapies in Paphos. The rent of the company is about  £800 per month, which is includes electricity, gas and water. The salary will be considered in around  £800 per month and  £Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­____ per year. The salary will be increase when the outgoings and profit decrease. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Operations The Aroma Boutique will be located in a private residence hotel property, in a specific treatment room. The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole-trader. The benefits of this location will be that the hotel is on the beach, within walking distance from Paphos Harbour and 1 Km from the town centre of Paphos (www.hotelclub.com ). Moreover, the benefit of the business will be that the rent of the hotel includes electricity, water and gas. However, the disadvantage of the business is that the sole trader has the personal responsibility of payments, insurances, bills, clearing and planning permissions of the Aroma Boutique business. The operations of Aroma Boutique include legislation around Health and Safety Association of Cyprus, Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 and Consumer Protection Act 1973. In addition, Aroma Boutique will be registered to regulating body of the IFPA (International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists) , IFR (International Federation of Reflexology) and General and Product Safety Regulations. The Social Insurances of Cyprus applied to all workers such as employees and self-employees. The insurance are fire alarms, security alarm and Health Insurances that include Hospital and employees insurances. The Social Network will be needed in this business for keeping financial data sheets, confidential client records, website of advertising, communications with clients, searching and online bills. The information of clients will be kept in safety place for confidentiality and additional support. Basic Financial Forecasts The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole trader from privately residence hotel. In terms of accounting, the sole trader will need to submit an annual self assessment form to HMRC (HM Revenue and Customs), registered as self0employed, and keep accurate and up-to-date records of all business transactions and accounts. Moreover, self employed people are liable for class to NI contributions (currently  £2.40 per week: 2010/11 Tax Year). Corporation Tax is essentially a tax on a sole trader companys profits. The sole trader doesnt usually need to register for VAT (Value Added Tax) until the self employed turnover reaches a certain limit in any 12 months. The VAT is currently  £ 70 000. Capitan Investment for Aroma Boutique business is  £5000. The sale trader can see five clients per day. In result self employed can have 70-75 clients per year and 360 treatments per year. Aroma Boutique will open for 5 days per week, particularly on Monday until on Friday. Six clients a day should be a maximum to ensure the therapists is not overworked and that the clients get a good treatment. Take a minimum of fifteen minutes break between each client (Renne Tanner, 2003). Aroma Boutique will open from 8:30pm to 7:30am with 7 repeat breaks. Sales: 5% discount for first contact. 10% discount for second contact. 50% discount for sixth to twelfth contact. If you pay first 8 treatments, you will have 20% discount with free facial cream for women or free body cream for men. If you pay first 6 treatments, you will have 10% discount. For Student/ Family members/ older people will have 10% discount with one free treatment. For Christmas, Easter and specific holidays gifts are available. The revenues of company are gained from the sales of oils, creams and candles that are supplies by the company and the payment of treatments by clients. The amount of money that is acquired from the revenues of company are  £3000. The cost of sales is  £300 for the first month associated with the above. The Fixed Costs includes rent which is  £600, salary which is  £1000, advertising which is  £200, a delivery van expense which is  £50, interest of loan which is  £200 and bills which is  £200. The Overheads includes Office Furniture which is  £3000, insurance which is  £200, equipments which is  £800, laptop and printer which are  £900 and licenses which is  £100. The equipments of Aroma Boutique are bed, couch roll placed on the trolley and couch, chair or stool, towels, sheet and other cover, pillows, clean gown for the client, uniform for the therapist and a blanket in case the client becomes cold. Moreover, bolster or rolled up towels, CD player, client consultation form and pen. Therefore, the trolley should contain the following items which are essential oils, carrier oils, bowls for clients jewelry and cotton wool, antiseptic wipes and tissues. The sole trader will buy her essential and carrier oils from Essential Oil Online Ltd (http://www.essentialoilsonline.co.uk/). Also, the sole trader will buy her bed, trolley, couch roll, chair or stool and uniform from the website of the EBAY (http://shop.ebay.co.uk/?_from=R40_trksid=m570_nkw=MASSAGE+TABLE). Clean and fresh cotton sheets, towels or paper towels are used to cover the bed and must be changed regularly. Clean cotton or paper towel is also needed to place under the feet of each patient. It believed that 1000ml of carrier oils will need to be bought and10 rolls of couch roll will need to be bought every six months. The general Licences and permission of Aroma Boutique business are general business permit, a sales permit, a professional licence, a food service permit, a child care licence, a sign permit and client permit. The Social Insurance Scheme of Cyprus applies to all workers (employed and self employed). In the case of self employed person, the contribution is 16.9% on the insurance income of the person concerned. A self-employed person is liable to pay contributions for each contributions week in which he/she has worked. For example, fire alarm insurance, for security alarm (CTV), health insurance that include hospital and employees insurances. The costs of the insurances will be  £200. This company will have contact with clients due to the facts that legislation will have for their protection such as Consumer Protection Act 1973 (www.cyprusconsumers.org.cy). The Aroma Boutique are legislation around Health and Safety Association of Cyprus, including Cyprus Health Service Promotion Board and Health Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. General Product Safety Regulations and register to regulating body of the IFPA (International Federation of Professional Aromatherapist) and IFR (International Federation of Reflexology) will be acquiescing. Section 2: 2.1 Marketing Strategy The process of developing a strategic marketing plan helps insure that all tactical marketing programs support the Aroma Boutiques goals and objectives, as well as convey a consistent message to customers. The Marketing Strategy for the Aroma Boutique will be effective and supportive to cover the particular needs of customers. The Marketing Strategy includes PESTLE and SWOT analysis to be productive. A SWOT analysis should be attend after the PESTLE analysis, as the external environment impacts on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treats that the business faces. PESTLE analyses are the Political, Economical, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors of Aroma Boutique plan. Political factors: The integration of Complementary Therapies into health care practitioners is current political factor. Australian General Practitioners (GPs) said that esoteric therapies such as spiritual healing, aromatherapy and reflexology seem to be relatively safe and ineffective. In addition, GPs said that the risks of Complementary Therapies were seem to mainly arise from incorrect, inadequate or delayed diagnosis and interactions between Complementary Medications and pharmaceuticals (Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2005). This is harmful research for Complementary Therapy. However, as we know, there is lacking evidence from these therapies. There is a need to provide funding for further research from Complementary therapies. Economical factors: The financial difficulty it would have a negative effect of the products that Aroma Boutique provided. The quality, quantity and the price of products will be regularly ascertained by the sole trader of Aroma Boutique. Consequence, it will support team like NHS (National Health Service) that will increase the clients of company. However, Cyprus doesnt support the National Health Service (NHS) because of the finance. Finance minister of Cyprus Charilaos Stavrakis said: Final decisions should already have been made and the finances should have been sorted as a result we promote the NHS (www.cyprus-mail.com). Sociological factors: The social attitude against work and lifestyle has been seems to be very stressful. People want more and more in their life as a result, people are working longer hours. People using Complementary therapy will be less stressful and tired. People respecting and interesting in Complementary and Alternative Medicine, so they respect our job. Aroma Boutique is attractive place with healthy environment that people can enjoy it. Technological factors: Develop of technology will affect the Aroma Boutique because of the wed advertising. With Facebook page, Aroma Boutique will communicate with clients and will be selling more products. Customers will be informed of special events such as Christmas, and they will be interested to enjoy it. These aids can be very effective for the company. Legal factors: Legal aspects that would be allowable in the operations of the Aroma Boutique are legislation around Health and Safety Association of Cyprus, including Cyprus Health Service Promotion Board and Health Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. Therefore, legislation about clients protection is Consumer Protection Act 1973 (www.cyprusconsumers.org.cy). General Product Safety Regulations and register to regulating body of the IFPA (International Federation of Professional Aromatherapist) and IFR (International Federation of Reflexology) will be acquiescing. Future legislation about Health and Safety will be change. This new legislation is designed to keep busy health and safety beside. The current course includes recent amendments to accident investigation techniques, fire and hazardous substance legislation (www.reedlearning.co.uk). Thus, the clients will trust and support the Aroma Boutique. Environmental factors: Aroma Boutique will have interesting environment with attractive decoration. It is on the beach, within walking distance from Paphos Harbor and 1 Km from the centre of Paphos (www.hotelclub.com). Customers will be relaxed with the beautiful view of Aroma Boutique. The EU has some of the highest environment standards in the world, developed over decades to address a wide range of issues. Total the main priorities are recycling, combating climate change, reducing health problems from pollution and using natural resources more responsibly(www.europa.eu). This legislation is promote a more efficient and accelerated process for healing environment. SWOT analysis of external and internal impacts on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that Aroma Boutique faces. Strengths: Aroma Boutique provides new natural products such as candles, lotion cream, essential oils and fragrance oil. These specific products will interest the clients with guaranteed high level of quality. Patients will be worry less about their condition after receiving treatment in Aroma Boutique. The aroma of natural essential oils stimulates the brain to trigger a reaction. Aromatherapy stimulates the immune system, strengthens resistance to disease and helps to combat infections. It can alleviate headaches and helps to deal with different emotions, such as anxiety, stress and depression. The sole practitioner has high level qualification with a BSc (Hons) Complementary Therapies and appropriate knowledge of Aromatherapy and Reflexology. The Aroma Boutique will be operated by a sole trader, as a result, there will not have to deal with any internal issues. Weaknesses: Many people would find it very stressful to be dependent on constantly finding work, rather than to be on regular salary (Hinks, 2000). These external factors will have an effect on the business because the sole trader will be stressful in her work. On the other hard, competitors has more experiences than the sole traders because they working for many years. The new business has no previous experiences of running a business. If the products works, people will buy it. By doing your homework and researching the efficacy of your product you will have the facts readily available to interested customers (Hinks, 2000). Opportunities: There is a growing area of possibilities of employment as complementary therapies grow in status and acceptance (Hinks, 2000). More clients will be visit the Aroma Boutique because it helps relieve health problems and improve the quality of life. Events health care organizer of Cyprus Victoria Costantinou said: We have many more therapists living in Paphos now. We have aromatherapists, osteopaths, and numerous health professionals in the district. The Complementary Therapy in Paphos has increase and the Aroma Boutique will have many interesting clients. Aroma Boutique shows the benefits of aromatherapy, while clients are getting paid without having to spend a penny. People will be interesting to invest in Aroma Boutique business in order to expand. The products will have the ability to become more popular because of technological developments. Facebook page and email will be connecting the business and other therapists as well as health care practitioners. Threats: Some practitioners have not helped the general image of Complementary Therapies by offering methods of treatments that are unreliable (Hinks, 2000). As a result the business will assure potential clients that the therapy has an objective credibility. Technological improvement could be regarded as a threat, like the manage chair, which could solicit Aroma Boutique clients. 2.2 Marketing Objectives Smart objective is a way of evaluate the objectives or ambition of a company including measurable, specific, achievable, time and realistic goals. Sole trader uses strong Marketing to build the business awareness. Networking and Connecting within sole trader community are important to get new clients in Aroma Boutique Company. The objective is specific, if the business will have 5 clients per week for the first months. The business is achievable as it only needs 2-3 new clients a week. Take a minimum of fifteen minutes break between each client. Six clients a day should be the maximum to ensure the therapist is not overworked and that the clients get a good treatment. (Renee Tanner, 2003) The realistic goals of marketing objectives are that Aroma Boutique will give to the clients free items when clients spend above a specified amount of treatment. Free offers help with the buying decision and increase sales of business. The objectives are achievable as the sole trader knows what makes Aroma Boutique different from competitors. During a year, sole trader will analyze her competitors strengths and weaknesses. For instance, Aroma Boutique is increasingly offering unique products to differentiable themselves from the common facials and body treatments. 2.3 Implementation Marketing Tactics: The Marketing Tactics of Aroma Boutique includes 4 Ps which are product, price, place and promotion. Product: Aroma Boutique having a great product as a result people loves oils so much that they buy them again and again and tell their friends. Aroma Boutique product are cream lotions, candle, essential oils and fragrance oils. Sole trader will ask for suggestions and honest feedback due the fact that it will decrease the quality of product. Price: Full body aromatherapy massage:  £50 Facial/Indian massage:  £20 1st treatment Urgent Care Routine Reflexology:  £30 8 treatments in Aromatherapy:  £420 6 treatments in Aromatherapy:  £370 8 treatments in Reflexology:  £300 6 treatments in Reflexology:  £240 The prices maybe will be decrease in few years. Place: The workforce will comprehend of only one person and they will operate as a sole-trader from a privately residence hotel. The name of hotel is Alexander the Great. It is located on the South-Western side of the isle of Cyprus. It is on the beach, within walking distance from Paphos Harbor and 1 Km from the town centre of Paphos (www.hotelclub.com) Promotion: They are cheap online advertising methods that customers will be attracted such as Facebook page. Moreover, Aroma Boutique will find cheap shipping and delivery services for their product such as Akis Express Ltd. Clients can see our advertising in labels in busy road in Paphos. The promotional materials will include leaflet in beauty shop or in shopping centre. Supporting friends will have our leaflet in their shops such as accessories shops, gym, hairstyling and perfume shops. Sales: 5% discount for first contact. 10% discount for second contact. 50% discount for sixth to twelfth contact. If you pay first 8 treatments, you will have 20% discount with free facial cream for women or free body cream for men. If you pay first 6 treatments, you will have 10% discount. For Student/ Family members/ older people will have 10% discount with one free treatment. For Christmas, Easter and specific holidays gifts are available. Prospecting: Keep sending message to the clients when Aroma Boutique has events and new products. Aroma Boutique will contact with clients every weekend because most people need to see and hear a message three to seven times before they will buy the product. Aroma Boutique will be celebrate particular dates of the year with special gifts and offers, for example Christmas, Easter and specific holidays. Therefore, perhaps the best place to start an aromatherapy and reflexology business is selling in festivals, trade shows and markets. Effective Marketing: Look for some low-cost ways that sole trader can enhance the perceived value of Aroma Boutiques product or service. Consequently, sales and net profit margin go up. Sole trader should not waste money in her business. For instance, sole trader calculates impact of the advertising and use only one telephone number for waste money. Benefit Power: The natural products will be made by the sole trader of the business. The natural products help people with dry, sensitive and damaged skin such as lotion and bath cream. Natural skin care products are the safest and the most effective means to maintain the good health of clients skin. Conversion: The advertising is magnetic so that is will attract peoples attention. The colours are interesting and associated with essential oil bottle logo. The colours of website design are similar to those of the advertising that will promote the marketing of Aroma Boutique. The pictures of advertising and web site associated with essential oil, natural products and massage. Timescales: The Aroma Boutique will be open in September 2013. The tasks will be controlled by Theodora Polydorou, the sole-trader and will be placed in timetable. The key tasks have been organized in order of implementation: Akis Express Ltd Design website Advert in leaflet The calculation for these breaks down as: Akis express Ltd  £50 Design website  £150 Advert in leaflet  £50 _______________ Total  £250 The timeline of these tasks will be as follows: Akis express Ltd delivers leaflet and product on 5th September Design website set up on 10th September Advert in leaflet will be prepare on 11th September

Comparing Frankenstein and Paradise Lost :: comparison compare contrast essays

Frankenstein and Paradise Lost  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mary Shelley has created a subversive and grotesque God/Man relationship in "Frankenstein." Shelly sets up Frankenstein and, at times, Man in general, to be the monster's God. Shelley's integration with Paradise Lost creates opportunity for making such comparisons. When the monster gives his book review of the found classic, he states, "It moved every feeling of wonder and awe, that the picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures was capable of exciting." This is reminiscent of the war he has with Frankenstein when his wishes are refused. He then goes on to relate the story's characters to his own situation. The plot of the monster's life follows a mutated version of Adam's as he read it in Paradise Lost. At one point he relates, "But it was all a dream; no Eve soothed my sorrows nor shared my thoughts; I was alone. I remembered Adam's supplication to his Creator. But where was mine?" The monster relates himself to Adam and expects the same treatment from his 'God.' The full realization of the mockery of Adam and Eve is barely missed when Frankenstein decides to relieve Man of the burden of his monster race by refusing to create the monster's bride. Just as he has the power to create, has he the power to destroy. Yet, in the end, the monster is the one in control, and ultimately triumphs in the final chase, outliving his creator. Just as with Adam, the monster's role is also compared to that of Satan in Paradise Lost: "Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition; for often, like him, when I viewed the bliss of my protectors, the bitter gall of envy rose within me." The monster is like Satan in that he is rejected by the beings of which he was once a member. While he does not remember, perhaps he feels his similarity, yet horrid mutation and punished rejection. The duality in the monster between Adam and Satan allows him to decide upon his plan of action. It is important to note that he takes upon himself the role of Adam before resorting to the methods learned from Satan. In Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve are banished from the Garden of Eden for eating fruit from the tree of knowledge. Much the same way, Frankenstein's happy and loving life is smashed to pieces upon the creation of the monster.

Injuries and Ailments of Hamsters :: Hamsters Animals Veternarians Essays

Injuries and Ailments of Hamsters In general, hamsters (especially those in the wild) are robust little animals and aren't affected by many natural diseases. But, they are very susceptible to the infectious diseases of other animals, including humans. Many of the problems and ailments now associated with hamsters are a direct result of captivity. Because they are small, a minor illness can rapidly become major if immediate treatment isn't pursued. Since they are nocturnal many of the early signs of illness are not noticed. To insure good health, hamsters should be checked regularly: to include eating habits, exercise habits, teeth, limbs, body check for lumps, cuts and abrasions, etc. etc. A sick hamster generally becomes irritable and "bitey." They frequently become lethargic or walk almost stiff-legged if forced to move or may sit in a "hunched" position. The eyes are usually dull, sunken and sometimes watery. And, they don't eat much, which results in weight loss. SYMPTOM POSSIBLE CAUSE Blood in Urine Bladder & Kidney Infection Bloody Diarrhea Intussusception Breathing Heavy Shock - Colds & Influenza Broken Limb Broken Limb Bulging Anus Constipation - Intussusception - Rectal Prolapse Closed Eye(s) Impacted Pouch - Irritated Eyes Constipation Endoparasites Crusty Lesions in ears, face, feet Ear Mites Cuts & Bites Abscesses - Cuts & Bites Dragging Hind Quarters Broken Limb - Cage Paralysis - Hind Limb Paralysis Dry Scaly Skin Demodicosis - Mange - Mites - Ringworm - Sarcoptic Mange Eating Babies Cannibalism Eggs in Feces Endoparasites Excessive Drinking Bladder & Kidney Infection - Diabetes Extreme Diarrhea Tyzzer's Disease - Wet Tail Eye Rupture Eye Prolapse

rail road expansion :: essays research papers

Following the civil war, railroad construction took off at a fast pace. In the twenty-five years between 1865 and 1890, the miles of railroad track in the United States went from 35,000 to 200,000. The enormous increase in track produced an increase in America's economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The farming economy was greatly helped by the expansion of the railroad system. The railroad became one of the main and most efficient ways to transport farmers produce. This was especially helpful to farms in remote locations. The expanded railroad system enabled farmers to produce more crops because of the greater potential shipping locations that became available. This also made products such as corn and grain available to locations that the crop wasn't produced in. It made things that used to be a luxury to some regions a common item to have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The increasing railroad was also beneficial to cities economies that had tracks running through them. It helped the city import and export goods, which helped produce and ship better products in a timelier manner to a larger amount of people and businesses. More potential customers lead to larger factories and companies, which lead to more jobs being available to people. These cities also generated more people coming in by train. It provided people with a time efficient way to travel to visit family and take trips. In a way, the railroad system made the United States seem a lot smaller than it was previous to the civil war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another way the railroad system changed America was the way people went about their daily life in general. Before arrival and departure times of trains, the concept of time wasn't as important. Afterwards, however, people became accustomed to picking things up, meeting people, or getting on trains at certain times. As distance became less important, time became more important. It is this concept of time that has carried over to the time we presently live in. We are oriented around times and dates, from airline departures and arrivals to work schedules to social events. We no longer view the world as a big place that takes a long time to get from one place to another, but what time we will be there. People today are able to take more trips for fun to see friends and relatives that live away more often because of the quick traveling options we now have. This was not possible in the past.

Managed Care CBA

In order to better understand the workings of managed care, it is important to understand its history as well as future trends. Please read the required background materials, and then answer the following questions in a 2 page paper: 1. What is managed care? 2. How and when did managed care begin? 3. How will consumer-driven health care impact healthcare delivery? The following resources will help you complete this assignment: Scandlen, G. (2005). Consumer-driven health care: Just a tweak or a revolution? Health Affairs, 24(6), 1554. Tufts Health Care Institute: Brief History of Managed Care http://www.tmci.org/downloads/BriefHist.pdf What is managed care? Managed care is a system of delivering healthcare in such a way that the costs of the service, quality and the utilization of the service is provided and handled by one healthcare organization, and under one roof.   Such an organization is known as the ‘Health Maintenance organization’ or the ‘HMO’.   The patients are provided health plans or health packages that cover their health needs.   According to the condition the patient suffers from, he/she could subscribe to a particular health plan. Managed care has continuously evolved as a system of deliverance of healthcare in the US.   The impact of such a system has not been understood clearly.   Such a system may consume a lot of resources or may be not organized in a proper manner.   Many patients may get under-treated or over-treated for their condition.   The system does not focus on the preventive aspects of medical care.   The physician would be providing his/her services in association with a healthcare team, consisting of professionals belonging to other fields. The patient work may be performed by the professionals belonging to other fields (G. Farfield. 1997).   United Health Group is one of the largest Managed care organizations in the US and was founded in the year 1977.   It provided health packages for its customers in the year 1979.   It began to get listed in the US Stock Markets since the year 1984.   The company began to acquire smaller companies and grow gradually.   The company is constantly adopting it policy to suit the changing needs of its customers in a very competitive market (United Health Group. 2006). How and when did managed care begin? Managed care began in the US in the 19th Century, and was aimed at meeting the healthcare needs of the masses.   At first, selected group of people organized healthcare packages with the physicians.   These included workers, laborers, rural dwellers, railroad workers, etc.   Their employers wanted to meet their healthcare needs and hence organized healthcare plans with local physicians and hospitals.   Societies were also involved in organizing such programs in cities. A nominal amount was paid by the employer to provide healthcare services to the employers for a certain period of time.   Dr. Shahid was one of the first physicians to initiate a healthcare plan for the farmers (in 1929). Dr. Ross and Dr. Loos provided medical care to the employees of LA Water and Power Department for a nominal amount (in 1929).   In some plans, the employers paid a part of the amount and the employees paid another part.   Henry Kaiser provided medical care services in return for a prepaid amount during the World War II time.   He began offering such services to the public, once the war ended. Slowly, the prepaid health service packages began to develop in managed care, and such organizations were known as ‘HMO’s’.   They offered comprehensive medical care services.   The members could select a customized healthcare package according to their healthcare needs.   The AMA initially objected to the development of the HMO’s.   It felt that soon medical care would become a business, and companies would be involved. The Supreme Court’s Decision in 1947 ensured that the AMA would not interfere in the development of the HMO’s.   During the 1960’s and the 1970’s, the politicians began to show greater amount of interest in Managed care.   President Nixon brought out a plan in 1971, to develop HMO’s.   The loans offered to HMO’s for development was increased.   During the 1980’s and the 1990’s, the HMO’s began to grow.   Now people utilize Managed Care to supplement Medical Insurance.   More than 600 HMO’s are present in the US and about 25 % of the population has a managed care package (TMCI. 1998). How will consumer-driven health care impact healthcare delivery? Consumer-driven healthcare may not just provide a mere modification to the present healthcare system.   The manner in which it could be impacted includes: – Providing more health information to the consumers so that an informed decision can be made and they can exercise greater control over their bodies. Cost-effective services. Provision of high-quality services. Providing tax-free benefits to the consumers. Encouragement of medical tourism. Removal of anticompetitive measures that exist in the healthcare delivery market. Use of modern technology and equipment (Greg Scandlen. 2005) References: G. Farfield, D. J. Hunter, D. Mechanic, Et al â€Å"Managed care: origins, principles, and evolution.† BMJ 314 (1997): 1823. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/314/7097/1823 Greg Scandlen. â€Å"Consumer-Driven Health Care: Just A Tweak Or A Revolution?† Health Affairs 24.6 (2005): 1554-1558. Tufts Health Care Institute â€Å"Brief History of Managed Care.† TMCI (1998). http://www.tmci.org/downloads/BriefHist.pdf United Health Group â€Å"Principles of Ethics & Integrity Your Guide to Business Conduct.† United Health Group. 2006. United Health Group. 15 Apr. 2007 http://www.unitedhealthgroup.com/global/PrinciplesofEthicsandIntegrity.pdf            

Community Service Organization in Florida Essay

The aspect of community service plays an important role in the contemporary community as this serve the most critical and significant needs of the public through actual interaction and organization dedication. Community service organizations are mainly established to provide effective and efficient public works for the benefits of the society on a non-profit agenda. These organizations are motivated by their selfless intentions to address the critical needs of the public, which they find to be overlooked by the general social system. As founded by individuals who are motivated to cater to the needs of the common people, community service organization becomes the tool sufficing for the intricate needs of certain individuals in different aspects. In the state of South Florida, the Jewish Community Services manifests to be an important community organization addressing senior adult needs in their locality. The JCS organization has many service pursuits ranging from healthcare, employments assistance, rehabilitation, food services and others, which are all viewed to be among the important social service needs in the Florida state. As this state tends to rapidly progress, their general social system tends to overlook certain social needs, which are still important in the humanitarian aspect. Because of this, organizations such as the Jewish Community Services are founded to attend to their certain community services for selfless idealism. Indeed, this organization is making an important contribution for the betterment of their society establishing them as an important cogwheel in the Florida’s humanitarian aspect. Organizations such as the JCS give off important social services without expecting financial commensuration from their target patients as part of their idealism for selfless contribution. As such, it is only appropriate to give due support to the cause of these organizations namely the JCS. Putting in contributions and manpower involvement to their cause will further enhance their effectiveness and efficiency towards addressing their purpose in the Florida’s social community. Indeed, through participating or contributing to the activities and programs of the JCS social service organization, every individual can realize a humanitarian purpose of selflessly addressing the critical needs of others for the betterment of their life as human beings. Bibliography Jewish Community Services of South Florida. October 23, 2007. http://www. jcsfl. org/.

A column Kahn

It was an event so delightful and so thought-wonderful that from it almost all our life in architecture stems. The arch, the vault and the dome mark equally evocative times when they knew what to do from how to do it and how to do it from what to do. Today these form and space phenomena are as good as they were yesterday and will always be good because they proved to be true to order and in time revealed their inherent beauty. In the architecture of stone the single stone became greater than the quarry. Stone and architectural order were one.A column when it is used should be still regardedas a great event in the making of What a column is in steel or concrete is not yet felt as a part of us. It must be differentfrom stone. Stone we know and feel its beauty. Materialwe now use in architecturewe know only for its superiorstrengthbut not for its meaningfulform. Concrete and steel must become greaterthan the engineer. The expected wondersin concrete and steel confront us. We know from t he spirit of architecturethat their characteristics must be in harmonywith the spaces that want to be and evoke what spaces can be.Forms and spaces today have not found their position in order though the ways of making things are new and resourceful. A space in architectureshows how it is made. The column or wall defines its length and breadth;the beam or vault its height. Nothing must intrude to blur the statement of how a space is made. The forms characterizing the great eras of architecture present themselves and tempt us to adapt them to concrete and steel. The solid stones become thinner and eye deceiving devices are found to hide the unwanted but inevitable services.Columns and beams omogenized with the partitions and ceiling tile concealing hangers, conduits, pipes and ducts deform the image of how a space is made or served and therefore presents no reflection of order and meaningful form. We are still imitating the architecture of solid stones. Building elements of solids an d voids are inherent in steel and concrete. These voids are in time with the service needs of spaces. This characteristic combined with space needs suggest new forms. One quality of a space is measured by its temperature by its light and by its ring.The intrusionof mechanicalspace needs can push forward and obscure form in tructure. Integrationis the way of nature. We can learn from nature. How a space is served with light air and quiet must be embodied in the space order concept which provides for the harbouring of these services. The nature of space is further characterized by the minor spaces that serve it. Storage-rooms, service-rooms and cubicals must not be partitioned areas of a single space structure, they must be given their own structure.The space order concept must extend beyond the harbouring of the mechanical services and include the â€Å"servant spaces† aJoining the spaces served. This will give meaningfulform to the hierarchyof spaces. Long ago they built with solid stones Today we must build with â€Å"hollow stones†. with a book goes to the light. A librarybegins that way. He will not go fifty feet away to an electric light. The carrellis the niche which could be the beginningof the space order and its structure. In a librarythe column always begins in light. Unnamed,the space made by the column structureevokes its use as a carrell.A man who reads in seminarwill look for the light but the light is somewhatsecondary. The readingroom is impersonal. t is the meeting in silence of the readersand their books. The large space, the small spaces, the unnamedspaces and the spaces that serve. The way they are formed with respect to light is the problemof all buildings. This one startswith a man who wants to read a book. Dedication Ritual is the chapel A chapel ofa university Ritual is inspired Dedication is personal Inspiredby a great teacher the fortunateyoung man winks to the chapel as he passes. He feels dedicationand performshis own r itual.He was there though he never opened its door. The rally centersthere and inspiresits own ritual. A man is honored there. Dedication is its essence. When I first came to Pisa I went straight in the direction of the Piazza. Nearing it and seeing a distant glimpse of the Tower filled me so that I stopped short to enter a shop where I bought an ill fitting English Jacket. Not daring to enter the Piazza I diverted to other streets toward it but never allowing myself to arrive. The next day I went straight for the Tower touched its marble and that of the Duomo and Baptistery. The next day I boldly entered the buildings.So it is with a universitychapel. Possibly a space protectedby an ambulatoryenteredfrom an arcade in a dimensionedgarden. near and don't enter and those who go in. House A house Home In a certain space it is good to sleep. In anotherit is good to dine or be with others. The serving spaces and the free spaces combine and are placed to the gardenor to the streetto sugge sttheir use. House implies a place good also for another. lt is that quality which is closer to architecture. It reflectsa way of life. It does not make small spaces for small people. Spaces transcend function. A House is more specific. Louis Kahn

Th Truemilk Marketing Proposal

Marketing Plan Proposal TH True Milk Vietnamese Fresh and Clean Milk Team Members: Nguyen Thi Thuy Trang (Team Leader) – s3372812 Nguyen Thi Diep Anh – s3372841 Nguyen Vu Bich Ha – s3372918 Huynh Ngoc Khanh Linh – s3373099 Nguyen Thi Kim Trang – s3357621 Vo Thi Ngoc Tram – s3373108 Lecturer: Ms. Jis Kuruvilla TH Milk Joint Stock Company TH Milk Joint Stock Company was established in 2009 and this is the first company of TH Group that focuses on a closed process of fresh milk manufacturing meeting the international standard.In order to produce the best quality products for customers as well as to provide a professional working environment for local and international experts, the company has equipped most advanced management technology in their production process. Although TH Milk Joint Stock Company is a young domestic company and has only one main brand that is TH True Milk, the company is predicted to be a potential firm in order to compete with Vinamilk and to meet the rising demand of Vietnamese market in the near future.Additionally, following the main mission of TH Group that is providing fresh and natural products to consumers, TH Milk Joint Stock Company has applied cutting-edge fresh milk manufacturing techniques in its closed procedures from industrial dairy farm, automatic milking system to professional distribution system. Therefore, in recent years, company’s projects always receive positive supports from the governments and organizations such as Vietnamese government and North Asia Bank. These supports can be seen as a driving force for the company to develop its fresh, clean and friendly-environmentally products.As regards the production and distribution process, TH Farm and Factory which is the largest in the Asian region, was built in Nghe An province with the total expenditure of $1. 2 billion, this project is supported by North Asian Bank. Moreover, the milking system used by the TH farm is comp letely automatic and controlled by strict procedures. In 2012, TH group anticipates that their milk processing facility will reach a capacity of 500 million liters per year, satisfying 50% of domestic need for the fresh milk.Moreover, in an effort to bring the best convenient services to customer, TH Milk Joint Stock Company has two representative offices in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City and hundreds of TH True Mart where provides TH True Milk across Vietnam. TH Milk Joint Stock Company at the present only focus on clean, fresh, delicious and nutritious milk but in order to meet the demand of domestic customer of dairy products, in 2012 and 2013, the company will continue to introduce some fresh and natural dairy products such as yoghurt, ice cream, butter and chee se to their customers.TH True Milk – Product detail TH True Milk is carefully produced in a 100%-computerized management process followed international standard in every stage of provision, production to distribution system. TH fresh milk is supplied by 20000 cows imported from New Zealand; those cows always receive a professional care from skilled staff with nutritious diet, well-designed veterinary care, disease prevention and treatment.In order to meet the various preferences and groups of customer, the company has produced five main flavors including pure fresh milk, less sugar fresh milk, sweetened fresh milk, strawberry fresh milk an d pure fresh chocolate milk in both 110ml and 180 ml carton size. More importantly, with a purpose to preserve the freshness and goodness of products, the company has developed the TH True Mart to sell its products to customers directly. Vietnamese MarketBecause of the higher living standard, the nutritious demand of Vietnamese people has improved positively with a rise of 20-25% of customers’ demand for milk per year. Therefore, Vietnamese dairy market is becoming the most potential market in the region and more than 60 firms with about 300 brands is o perating in this industry. However, it is a fact that the amount of milk produced only meet 20 -25% of customers’ demand meaning that there is a shortage of milk production in domestic market.Realizing this situation, TH Milk Joint Stock Company with financial supports from North Asian Bank has no hesitation to invest in the most modern clean fresh milk production process in Vietnam and this is estimated to meet 50% of customers’ demand in 2017, after the project is completed. This can be seen as an accurate vision of the company and can bring better milk for Vietnamese people. Besides always following the major mission of TH group, this plan also suggests one-year marketing strategies for the company in domestic market. There are four main objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4.Introducing current products to the market to reach more customers Introducing a new kind of product to domestic market. Gaining 5% market share of dairy industry at the end of 2012 Creating a positive image f rom customers and building a strong basis to develop other company’s dairy products in the following years. Reference List 1. TH True Milk, Home, viewed 30 June 2012, 2. North Asian Bank, 2011, ‘Vietnamese dairy market and positive changes’, Vnexpress, 2011, viewed 30 June 2012 < http://vnexpress. net/gl/kinh-doanh/doanh-nghiep-viet/2011/12/thi-truongsua-viet-nam-va-nhung-thay-doi-tich-cuc/>.

African American Contributions to American History Essay Example for Free

African American Contributions to American History Essay Africa (768) , African American (597) , African (466) , American history (69) Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? Many blacks contributed to the success of our country in every war that we as a people have ever fought. In order to properly thank them for their heroic effort, I as a Hispanic Caucasian must give credit where credit is due. In order to properly do so, I must begin with the contributions of â€Å"Black America† beginning with the American Revolution and continue up until the World War II. Make no mistake blacks made contributions well past World War II, but in the interest of time and accuracy I must stay within the confines of our earlier history. One main aspect that should be analyzed is the fact that no matter how hard the struggle, blacks have always overcome adversity no matter what the cost. Of course, contributions made by blacks are not limited to war alone, but include a wide spectrum of achievements that have advanced civilization as a whole. My personal respect and thanks go to all people who have served and continue to serve this country at any capacity. But we must never forget the contributions made by our black brothers and sisters who gave their lives fighting for a cause that so greatly affected their lives as well as our well being. Charles Dickens said it best in his book A Tale of Two Cities, â€Å"It was the best of times it was the worst of times†. The American Revolution was a time of great struggle for people of all races. But, Blacks in particular understood the literal meaning of patriot rhetoric, eagerly took up the cause of American freedom, fighting bravely in the early confrontations with the British. Though the revolution freed some blacks and set the country on a course toward the abolition of slavery, political accommodation to plantation owners forestalled emancipation for many blacks in the south for 90 more years. A black man was one of the first martyrs of the patriot cause. Crispus Attucks, apparently a slave who had run away from his owner 20 years before, died in the Boston Massacre in 1770. Though facts were disputed at trials then as now, witnesses said Attucks hit a British officer with a large piece of firewood, grabbed a bayonet and urged the crowd to attack just before the British fired. Attucks and two others were killed while eight were wounded, two mortally. Blacks served at the battles of Lexington and Concord. Peter Salem, a freed slave, stood on the green at Lexington facing the British when the first battle broke out with the shot that was heard around the world. One of the last men wounded in the battle as the British escaped to Boston was Prince Estabrook, a black man from West Lexington. At least 20 blacks, including Peter Salem, were in the ranks two months later when the British attacked an American position outside Boston in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Salem has been honored for firing the shot that killed Major John Pitcairn, the British officer who led the Redcoats when they had attacked his small unit at Lexington. Unable to venture outside Boston and then threatened with cannon surrounding the city, the British left Boston for New York. As the war changed from a Massachusetts endeavor to a broader conflict throughout the colonies, the politics of race changed dramatically. Blacks had been welcomed in the New England militia, but Congress initially decided against having them in the Continental army. Congress needed support from the South if all the colonies were to win their independence from England. Since southern plantation owners wanted to keep their slaves, they were afraid to give guns to blacks. Congress ordered all blacks removed from the army, but black veterans appealed directly to George Washington, who took up their cause with John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. Blacks serving in the army were allowed to stay, but new enlistments were forbidden. Though the Declaration of Independence declared that â€Å"all men were created equal,† many blacks soon saw more opportunity on the British side. The British governor of Virginia promised immediate freedom and wages to any slave who would join the Kings army. Hundreds flocked to the standard of the governor, Lord Dunmore, but he was denied a base on the land by the American forces and many of the blacks who joined him died of smallpox on overcrowded ships. The loyalty of blacks was a serious issue for the American leaders because blacks made up one-fifth of the two million people in the colonies. With the British soldiers already outnumbering the American troops, and recruitment difficult for the patriots, the northern colonies soon again began to enlist blacks. Rhode Island made up a regiment almost entirely of blacks. As the war continued, colonies as far south as Maryland and Virginia were recruiting free blacks for the American cause. As the war spread into the South, Congress found it needed to recruit slaves. It offered to pay South Carolina slave owners $1,000 for able-bodied male slaves. The slaves would receive no pay, but would be given $50 and their freedom at the end of the war if they served â€Å"well and faithfully. † The South Carolina Assembly threatened to leave the war, dooming the plan in the southernmost colonies. Recruitment of blacks to the American cause continued further north, but the patriots had less success than the British. The offer of immediate freedom extended by Virginia’s unfortunate loyalist governor was eventually made by the British throughout the colonies. Slaves joined the British by the tens of thousands. The fate of the loyalist blacks varied considerably. Some were captured by Americans and either returned to their masters or treated as war loot and sold back into slavery. Approximately 20,000 were with the British at the end of the war, taken to Canada or the Caribbean. Some became the founders of the British colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Even though the British offered slaves a better deal, many blacks served on the American side. They made up a sizeable share of the men in the Continental navy, state navies and the large force of American privateers. Blacks had long been in the labor force on ships and at seaports. On the water, then as now, skill counted for more than politics. The precise role of blacks in the revolution is difficult to quantify. Blacks in those days generally did not write. The people who did write early histories of the revolution were whites and concentrated on the efforts of white men. Also, many participants in the revolution were not specifically identified by race in the documents of the time and historians now have no way of knowing whether they were black. When blacks were allowed to serve in the American military, they often did work as laborers, sometimes in addition to regular soldier duties. Usually they were privates, though a few rose to command small groups of men. The words of the Declaration of Independence were taken literally by blacks and some whites. In, 1780, Pennsylvania became the first colony to pass a law phasing out slavery. Children born to slaves after that date were granted their freedom when they reached 28. Other northern states followed. The Superior Court of Massachusetts held in 1783 that slavery violated the state constitution, and New Hampshire also ended slavery by a court ruling. Vermont outlawed slavery and Connecticut and Rhode Island passed gradual emancipation laws. New York outlawed slavery in 1799 and New Jersey followed in 1804. The international slave trade was outlawed in 1808. Progress then came to a stop. A boom in cotton production spread the slave economy into the lower Mississippi Valley. Slave states were careful to control at least half the political power in the federal government, blocking any national movement against slavery until the Civil War. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the rebelling territories of the confederacy and authorizing Black enlistment in the Union Army. Since the beginning of the Civil War, free Black people in general, and Black Bostonians in particular, were ready to gather arms on behalf of the Union, yet they were prevented from doing so. Popular racial stereotypes and institutional discrimination against Blacks in the military contributed to the prevailing myth that Black men lacked the intelligence and bravery necessary to serve their country. By the fall of 1862, however, the lack of White Union enlistment and confederate victories at Antietem forced the U. S. government to reconsider its racist policy. As Congress met in October to address the issue of Black enlistment, various troops of Black volunteers had already been organized, including the First South Carolina and the Kansas Colored Troops. It wasn’t until January 26, 1863; however, that secretary of war Edwin Stanton authorized the enlistment of Black troops. As a result, the 54th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer infantry was founded, becoming the first all-Black Union regiment raised in the north. Training began for Black volunteers at Camp Meigs in Reedville, MA on February 21, 1863. Although some members of the community voiced opposition to the prevention of Black men from achieving the rank of colonel or officer, most community activists urged Black men to seize the opportunity to serve in the Union forces. The fear many Black volunteers had about the potential racism of White officers and colonels was calmed when Massachusetts Governor John Andrew assured Bostonians that White officers assigned to the 54th Regiment would be â€Å"young men of military experience, of firm anti-slavery principles, ambitious, superior to a vulgar contempt for color, and having faith in the capacity of colored men for military service. † Andrew held to his word, appointing 25-year-old Robert Gould Shaw as colonel and George P. Hallowell as Lieutenant. The son of wealthy abolitionists, Shaw had been educated in Europe and at Harvard before joining the seventh New York National Guard in 1861. In 1862, when Governor Andrew contacted Shaw’s father about the prospect of commissioning his son as colonel of the soon-to-be organized fifty-fourth, Shaw was an officer in the Second Massachusetts Infantry. Although reluctant to accept the commission, Shaw eventually became colonel. By the time training began at Camp Meigs, Shaw and his officers began work with the soldiers whose bravery would forever change public perception of Black military skill and valor. Black community leaders across the country such as Frederick Douglass and William Wells Brown served as recruiting agents for the Union army. As a result, over 1000 volunteers enlisted in the 54th Regiment, a response so overwhelming that Massachusetts organized a second Black regiment, the fifty-fifth. Men of the fifty-fourth represented twenty-four states, the District of Columbia, the West Indies, and Africa. Approximately 25% of them had been slaves, over 50% were literate, and, although as civilians they had worked in forty-six different occupations, the overwhelming majorities (55%) were common laborers. Regardless of origin, occupation, or social class, the men of the 54th Regiment both inspired Boston’s Black community and provided a symbol of pride for abolitionists across the country. Activists such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass visited Camp Meigs to show their support. Although the organization of the 54th Regiment resolved the conflict over Black enlistment in the Union army, the struggle of Black soldiers to gain respect in the military was just beginning. Upon arrival in the south, the Black soldiers were often treated as common laborers and the potential for their valor on the battlefield was disregarded. Upon arriving in Georgia on June 11, they were ordered by Col. James Montgomery of the Department of the South to raid the town of Darien. Reports of Black soldiers burning buildings and ravaging the homes of townspeople confirmed stereotypes of Black soldiers as un-trainable brutes. Col. Shaw found the raid on Darien barbarous and distasteful, and sent a letter to Brigadier General George C. Strong, requesting that the men be used in the planned attack on Fort Wagner, South Carolina. On July 16, the 54th Regiment fought alongside White soldiers of the 10th Connecticut Infantry in a skirmish on James Island, SC. This battle redeemed the Black soldiers’ fighting ability in the eyes of White skeptics, including General Strong, who commanded the 54th Regiment to lead the assault on Fort Wagner, scheduled for July 18. Strategically, a successful attack on Fort Wagner would allow Union forces to seize control of Charleston Harbor. Located on Morris Island, Fort Wagner protected Battery Gregg overlooking Fort Sumter. Thus, seizure of Fort Wagner was valuable because it enabled the Union to shell Sumter and close the harbor to confederate blockade runners, thereby paving the way for further Union attack on Charleston. Fort Wagner was located at the northern tip of Morris Island, and was controlled by 1700 troops and 17 artillery guns. Depleted to just over 600 men by the skirmish two days previous, the men of the 54th Regiment were ordered to lead the assault on Fort Wagner with the backing of regiments from New York, Connecticut, Maine, and Pennsylvania. Before the charge commenced, Colonel Shaw ordered the regiment to â€Å"prove yourselves as men. † Within 200 feet of the Fort, the confederates began to attack as the brave men of the 54th Regiment struggled through darkness, four-foot deep water, and marshland. Colonel Shaw, accompanied by dwindling numbers of dying men, managed to reach the top of the parapet where a bitter hand-to-hand combat ensued, the Black Union soldiers with bayonets against the White Confederate soldiers with handspikes and gun rammers. Colonel Shaw was mortally wounded with a pierce through the heart, along with a dozen of his men. Meanwhile, members of the 54th Regiment – some wounded, some dying – began to retreat; those who refused to back down were taken prisoner. As the smoke cleared, evidence of Confederate victory was immediately apparent, with 174 Rebel casualties and 1515 Union soldiers dead or wounded. Of the eleven regiments who participated in the Union assault, the fifty-forth Regiment accrued the most casualties, with 256 of their 600 men dead or wounded. Despite the heavy losses, the assault on Fort Wagner proved to the nation and the world the valor of Black soldiers in general and the men of the 54th Regiment in particular. From the ranks of the fifty-forth came stories of unfailing patriotism and undying glory. The men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, their White officers, colonel, and allies, not only struck a blow for American freedom and unity, they also proved to the nation and the world the valor, bravery, and devotion of African American soldiers. In the sacrifice made by Col. Shaw and his soldiers, Americans witnessed, for the first time, the supremacy of equality over racism, discrimination, and ignorance. Upon his death at Fort Wagner, the body of Col. Shaw was placed in a mass grave on Morris Island along with the bodies of his soldiers. The lack of proper military burial for a man who had distinguished himself as a soldier and as a leader was intended to insult the honor of Shaw and his family, who were deemed as race traitors by Confederates and White unionists alike. However, upon learning that his son had been buried with his black soldiers, Francis Shaw stated, with dignity, that â€Å"We hold that a soldier’s most appropriate burial place is on the field where he has fallen. † This statement and the honor displayed by the Shaw family and veterans of the fifty-fourth helped immortalize Shaw and his men as symbols of the Civil War battle for unity and equality. As a result of the 54th Regiment, over 180,000 Black men enlisted under the Union flag between 1863 and 1865. AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY SERVICE from WWI through WWII. During the global conflicts of the first half of the 20th century, U. S. servicemen fought in Europe for the first time in the nation’s history. African Americans were among the troops committed to combat in World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII), even though they and other black Americans were denied the full blessings of the freedom for which the United States had pledged to fight. Traditional racist views about the use of black troops in combat initially excluded African Americans from the early recruiting efforts and much of the actual combat in both wars. Nonetheless, large numbers of African Americans still volunteered to fight for their country in 1917-18 and 1940-45. Once again, many black servicemen hoped their military contribution and sacrifice would prove to their white countrymen that African Americans desired and deserved a fully participatory role in U. S. society. Unfortunately, the deeply entrenched negative racial attitudes prevalent among much of the white American population, including many of the nation’s top military and civilian leaders, made it very difficult for blacks to serve in the military establishment of this period. African-American servicemen suffered numerous indignities and received little respect from white troops and civilians alike. The historic contributions by blacks to the defense of the United States were usually ignored or downplayed, while combat failures similar to those of whites and violent racial incidents often provoked by whites were exaggerated into a condemnation of all African Americans. In the â€Å"Jim Crow† world of pre-1945 America, black servicemen confronted not only the hostility of enemies abroad but that of enemies at home. African-American soldiers and sailors had two formidable obstacles to deal with: discrimination and segregation. Yet, black servicemen in both world wars repeatedly demonstrated their bravery, loyalty, and ability in combat or in support of frontline troops. Oftentimes, they accomplished these tasks without proper training or adequate equipment. Poor communications and a lack of rapport with their white officers were two additional burdens hampering the effectiveness and efficiency of African Americans in the military. Too frequently, there was little or no recognition or gratitude for their accomplishments. One of the worst slights of both wars was the willingness of the white establishment to allow racism to influence the award of the prestigious Medal of Honor. Although several exceptionally heroic African Americans performed deeds worthy of this honor, not one received at the time the award that their bravery and self-sacrifice deserved. It took over 70 years for the United States to rectify this error for WWI and over 50 years for WWII. Despite the hardships and second-class status, their participation in both wars helped to transform many African-American veterans as well as helped to eventually change the United States. Though still limited by discrimination and segregation at home, their sojourn in Europe during WWI and WWII made many black servicemen aware that the racial attitudes so common among white Americans did not prevail everywhere else. The knowledge that skin color did not preclude dignity and respect made many black veterans unwilling to submit quietly to continuing racial discrimination once they returned to the United States. In addition, the growing importance of black votes beginning in the 1930s and 1940s forced the nation’s political and military leaders to pay more attention to African Americans’ demands, particularly in regard to the military. Although it was a tedious and frustrating process, one too often marked by cosmetic changes rather than real reform, by the end of WWII, the U. S. military establishment slowly began to make some headway against racial discrimination and segregation within its ranks. The stage was set for President Harry S Truman’s landmark executive order of 26 July 1948. Another main contribution of note would be the trails and tribulations of the Tuskegee Airmen. In the 1940’s, it was still believed that Blacks were incapable of flying aircraft. This myth was dispelled with the help of the U. S. Congress. On June 27, 1939 – THE CIVILIAN PILOT TRAINING ACT was passed. This solitary ACT helped to create a reserve of civilian pilots to be called in case of War. Young black pilots were given the opportunity to train with U. S. approved programs located at TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE. The SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT OF 1940 also increased the opportunity for a broader participation of Blacks in the military when it banned discrimination in the selection and training of all American citizens because of race and color. The success of the CIVILIAN PILOT TRAINING ACT helped put the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON OF TUSKEGEE on the map. It was said that â€Å"the success of Negro youth in the Army Air Force would be predicated upon the success of the ‘Tuskegee Experiment. ‘† HBO’s docudrama, THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN, is a good depiction of this era of Black Americans seeking acceptance as military pilots. Because of the opportunity provided by the Civilian Pilot Training Act, the number of Blacks in the ARMY AIR FORCE jumped from 2,250 in 1941 to over 145,000 by 1944. The two major groups to see combat as AAF men were the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON and the 332ND FIGHTER GROUP. Out of the 332nd Group came the 100th, 301st, and 302nd Squadrons under the command of Lieutenant Colonel BENJAMIN O. DAVIS, SR. , who became America’s FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN GENERAL on October 25, 1940. By 1944, the 99th was added to the 332nd and participated in campaigns in Sicily, Rome, and Romania. The 99th and 332nd earned many DISTINGUISHED UNIT CITATIONS. These historical examples are but a small sample of the many great contributions and sacrifices made by black people in order to secure freedom and prosperity for this great nation. We owe them a debt than can never be fully repaid. If anything these great contributions should curtail any negative or racial thoughts toward such a magnanimous people. You would think that with all that has transpired throughout history, that we as a people could live and coexist together with peace and harmony. My only hope is that with time people will come to realize that we are all not that different from one another and that we can thrive together for a better future for all of us. African American Contributions to American History. (2016, Dec 16).